In Greek Reading II, we will begin the study of the writings of Aristotle. The knowledge of the vocabulary and expressions of Aristotle’s writings will greatly help us in philosophical studies, for which the original texts are written in Greek. To complete the objectives of this lesson, complete the following tasks:
- Read over the entire lesson for familiarity.
- Complete translation exercises until the translations can be written out from memory.
- Memorize all lesson vocabulary.
- Complete the lesson assessment.
Lesson
1 Ὅταν ἕτερον καθ᾿ ἑτέρου κατηγορῆται ὡς καθ᾿ ὑποκειμένου, ὅσα κατὰ τοῦ κατηγορουμένου λέγεται, πάντα καὶ κατὰ τοῦ ὑποκειμένου ῥηθήσεται, οἷον ἄνθρωπος κατὰ τοῦ τινὸς ἀνθρώπου κατηγορεῖται, τὸ δὲ ζῷον κατὰ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου· οὐκοῦν καὶ κατὰ τοῦ τινὸς ἀνθρώπου κατηγορηθήσεται τὸ ζῷον· ὁ γάρ τις ἄνθρωπος καὶ ἄνθρωπός ἐστι καὶ ζῷον.
Τῶν ἑτέρων γενῶν καὶ μὴ ὑπ᾿ ἄλληλα τεταγμένων ἕτεραι τῷ εἴδει καὶ αἱ διαφοραί, οἷον ζῴου καὶ ἐπιστήμης· ζῴου μὲν γὰρ διαφοραὶ τό τε πεζὸν καὶ τὸ δίπουν καὶ τὸ πτηνὸν καὶ τὸ ἔνυδρον, ἐπιστήμης δὲ οὐδεμία τούτων· οὐ γὰρ διαφέρει 20ἐπιστήμη ἐπιστήμης τῷ δίπους εἶναι.
Τῶν δέ γε ὑπ᾿ ἄλληλα γενῶν οὐδὲν κωλύει τὰς αὐτὰς διαφορὰς εἶναι· τὰ γὰρ ἐπάνω τῶν ὑπ᾿ αὐτὰ γενῶν κατηγορεῖται, ὥστε ὅσαι τοῦ κατηγορουμένου διαφοραί εἰσι, τοσαῦται καὶ τοῦ ὑποκειμένου ἔσονται.
Exposition
1 Ὅταν ἕτερον καθ᾿ ἑτέρου κατηγορῆται ὡς καθ᾿ ὑποκειμένου, ὅσα κατὰ τοῦ κατηγορουμένου λέγεται, πάντα καὶ κατὰ τοῦ ὑποκειμένου ῥηθήσεται, οἷον ἄνθρωπος κατὰ τοῦ τινὸς ἀνθρώπου κατηγορεῖται, τὸ δὲ ζῷον κατὰ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου·
- Ὅταν: (hote + ean) “if when”
- ἕτερον: “one (thing)”
- καθ᾿: (prep. + gen.): “about”
- ἑτέρου: “another (thing)”
- κατηγορῆται: “is predicated”
- ὡς: “as”
- καθ᾿: “about”
- ὑποκειμένου: “a subject”
- ὅσα: “such things”
- κατὰ: “about”
- τοῦ: “the”
- κατηγορουμένου: “subject”
- λέγεται: “is said”
- πάντα: “all”
- καὶ: “also”
- κατὰ: “about”
- τοῦ: “the”
- ὑποκειμένου: “subject”
- ῥηθήσεται: “it shall be spoken”
- οἷον: “such as”
- ἄνθρωπος: “man”
- κατὰ: “about”
- τοῦ
- τινὸς: “some”
- ἀνθρώπου: “man”
- κατηγορεῖται: “it is predicated”
- τὸ: “the”
- δὲ: “but”
- ζῷον: “animal”
- κατὰ: “about”
- τοῦ: “the”
- ἀνθρώπου: “man”
Translation: Of spoken things, (there are) the (things) on the one hand by combination is said on the other the (things) on the other hand without combination.
οὐκοῦν καὶ κατὰ τοῦ τινὸς ἀνθρώπου κατηγορηθήσεται τὸ ζῷον·
- οὐκοῦν: (ouk + oun) “therefore”
- καὶ: conjunction, “and”
- κατὰ: “about”
- τοῦ: “the”
- τινὸς: “certain”
- ἀνθρώπου: “man”
- κατηγορηθήσεται: “it shall be predicated”
- τὸ: “the”
- ζῷον: “animal”
Translation:
ὁ γάρ τις ἄνθρωπος καὶ ἄνθρωπός ἐστι καὶ ζῷον.
- ὁ :”the”
- γάρ: “for”
- τις: “certain”
- ἄνθρωπος: “man”
- καὶ “both”
- ἄνθρωπός: “man”
- ἐστι: “is”
- καὶ: “and also”
- ζῷον: “animal”
Translation: for one certain man both man is and also animal.
Τῶν ἑτέρων γενῶν καὶ μὴ ὑπ᾿ ἄλληλα τεταγμένων ἕτεραι τῷ εἴδει καὶ αἱ διαφοραί, οἷον ζῴου καὶ ἐπιστήμης·
- Τῶν ἑτέρων: “of different”
- γενῶν: “genera”
- καὶ: “and”
- μὴ: “not”
- ὑπ᾿: “under”
- ἄλληλα: “one another”
- τεταγμένων: “of those which are ordered”
- ἕτεραι: “differ”
- τῷ:
- εἴδει: “kind”
- καὶ: “and”
- αἱ: “the”
- διαφοραί: “differences”
- οἷον: “such as”
- ζῴου” of animal”
- καὶ: “and”
- ἐπιστήμης: “of science”
Translation: Of (things) of different species and not under one another among ordered things differ in species also the differences, such as those of “animal” and of “science”;
ζῴου μὲν γὰρ διαφοραὶ τό τε πεζὸν καὶ τὸ δίπουν καὶ τὸ πτηνὸν καὶ τὸ ἔνυδρον, ἐπιστήμης δὲ οὐδεμία τούτων·
- ζῴου: “of animal”
- μὲν: “on the one hand”
- γὰρ: “for”
- διαφοραὶ: differences
- τό
- τε: “both”
- πεζὸν: “walking”
- καὶ: “and”
- τὸ
- δίπουν: “biped”
- καὶ: “and”
- τὸ πτηνὸν: “winged (thing)”
- καὶ: “and”
- τὸ ἔνυδρον (en + hudro-(i)) “water (thing)”
- ἐπιστήμης: “of science”
- δὲ: “but”
- οὐδεμία: “not one”
- τούτων: “of these”
Translation: For on the one hand, of “animal”, the differences are “pedestrious”, and “biped”, and “winged” and “aquatic”, but of science (the differences are) not any of these.
οὐ γὰρ διαφέρει 20ἐπιστήμη ἐπιστήμης τῷ δίπους εἶναι.
Τῶν δέ γε ὑπ᾿ ἄλληλα γενῶν οὐδὲν κωλύει τὰς αὐτὰς διαφορὰς εἶναι·
τὰ γὰρ ἐπάνω τῶν ὑπ᾿ αὐτὰ γενῶν κατηγορεῖται, ὥστε ὅσαι τοῦ κατηγορουμένου διαφοραί εἰσι, τοσαῦται καὶ τοῦ ὑποκειμένου ἔσονται.
- Τῶν ὄντων: “of existing (things)”
- τὰ: “the (things)”
- μὲν: “on the one hand”
- καθ᾿: “about”
- ὑποκειμένου: “subject”
- τινὸς: “some”
- λέγεται: “is said”
- ἐν: “in”
- ὑποκειμένῳ: “subject”
- δὲ: “on the other hand”
- οὐδενί: “not any”
- ἐστιν: “(it) is”
Translation: Of existing things those on the one hand about a subject is said, on the other hand in not any subject it is,
4b οἷον ἄνθρωπος καθ᾿ ὑποκειμένου μὲν λέγεται τοῦ τινὸς ἀνθρώπου, ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ δὲ οὐδενί ἐστι·
- οἷον: “such as”
- ἄνθρωπος: “man”
- καθ᾿ ὑποκειμένου: “about a subject”
- μὲν: “on the one hand”
- λέγεται: “is said”
- τοῦ τινὸς ἀνθρώπου: “of some man”
- ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ: “in a subject”
- δὲ: “but”
- οὐδενί: “not any”
- ἐστι: “is”
Translation: Such as “man” about a subject on the one hand is said of a certain man, in a subject on the other hand not any is.
5a τὰ δὲ ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ μέν ἐστι, καθ᾿ ὑποκειμένου δὲ οὐδενὸς λέγεται
- τὰ: “the things”
- δὲ: “but”
- ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ: “in a subject”
- μέν: “on the one hand”
- ἐστι: “is”
- καθ᾿ ὑποκειμένου: “about a subject”
- δὲ: “on the other hand”
- οὐδενὸς: “not any”
- λέγεται: “is said”.
Translation: But the things in a subject on the one hand is, about a subject on the other hand not any is.
5b (ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ δὲ λέγω, ὃ ἔν τινι μὴ ὡς μέρος ὑπάρχον ἀδύνατον χωρὶς εἶναι τοῦ ἐν ᾧ ἐστίν)
(But in a subject I call, that which in something not as a part
- ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ: “in a subject”
- δὲ: “but”
- λέγω: “I call”
- ὃ: that which
- ἔν τινι: “in something”
- μὴ: “not”
- ὡς: “as”
- μέρος: “(a) part”
- ὑπάρχον
- ἀδύνατον: “unable”
- χωρὶς: “without”
- εἶναι: “to exist”
- τοῦ: “of the (thing)”
- ἐν: “in”
- ᾧ: “which”
- ἐστίν: “it is”
Translation:
5b οἷον ἀπὸ τῆς γραμματικῆς ὁ γραμματικὸς καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς ἀνδρείας ὁ ἀνδρεῖος.
- οἷον: “such as”
- ἀπὸ: “from”
- τῆς γραμματικῆς: “grammar”
- ὁ γραμματικὸς: “grammarian”
- καὶ: “and”
- ἀπὸ: “from”
- τῆς ἀνδρείας: “courage”
- ὁ ἀνδρεῖος: “courageous”
Translation: …as from grammar, grammarian, and from courage, courageous.
Note that andrei/as is translated “courage” here so that the adjective derived from it would appear as a derivative, andrei^os, “courage-ous”.
