In Greek Reading II, we will begin the study of the writings of Aristotle. The knowledge of the vocabulary and expressions of Aristotle’s writings will greatly help us in philosophical studies, for which the original texts are written in Greek. To complete the objectives of this lesson, complete the following tasks:
- Read over the entire lesson for familiarity.
- Complete translation exercises until the translations can be written out from memory.
- Memorize all lesson vocabulary.
- Complete the lesson assessment.
Lesson
1 Τῶν λεγομένων τὰ μὲν κατὰ συμπλοκὴν λέγεται, τὰ δ᾿ ἄνευ συμπλοκῆς. 2 τὰ μὲν οὖν κατὰ συμπλοκὴν οἷον ἄνθρωπος τρέχει, ἄνθρωπος νικᾷ· 3 τὰ δ᾿ ἄνευ συμπλοκῆς οἷον ἄνθρωπος, βοῦς, τρέχει, νικᾷ.
4a Τῶν ὄντων τὰ μὲν καθ᾿ ὑποκειμένου τινὸς λέγεται, ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ δὲ οὐδενί ἐστιν, 4b οἷον ἄνθρωπος καθ᾿ ὑποκειμένου μὲν λέγεται τοῦ τινὸς ἀνθρώπου, ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ δὲ οὐδενί ἐστι· 5a τὰ δὲ ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ μέν ἐστι, καθ᾿ ὑποκειμένου δὲ οὐδενὸς λέγεται 5b (ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ δὲ λέγω, ὃ ἔν τινι μὴ ὡς μέρος ὑπάρχον ἀδύνατον χωρὶς εἶναι τοῦ ἐν ᾧ ἐστίν), 5c οἷον ἡ τὶς γραμματικὴ ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ μέν ἐστι τῇ ψυχῇ, καθ᾿ ὑποκειμένου δ᾿ οὐδενὸς λέγεται, καὶ τὸ τὶ λευκὸν ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ μὲν τῷ σώματί ἐστιν (ἅπαν γὰρ χρῶμα ἐν σώματι), καθ᾿ ὑποκειμένου δὲ οὐδενὸς λέγεται· 6a τὰ δὲ καθ᾿ ὑποκειμένου τε λέγεται καὶ ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ ἐστίν, 6b οἷον ἡ ἐπιστήμη ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ μέν ἐστι τῇ ψυχῇ, καθ᾿ ὑποκειμένου δὲ λέγεται τῆς γραμματικῆς· 7a τὰ δὲ οὔτ᾿ ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ ἐστὶν οὔτε καθ᾿ ὑποκειμένου τινὸς λέγεται, 7b οἷον ὁ τὶς ἄνθρωπος καὶ ὁ τὶς ἵππος· 8 οὐδὲν γὰρ τῶν τοιούτων οὔτε ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ ἐστὶν οὔτε καθ᾿ ὑποκειμένου λέγεται. 9 ἁπλῶς δὲ τὰ ἄτομα καὶ ἓν ἀριθμῷ κατ᾿ οὐδενὸς ὑποκειμένου λέγεται, ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ δὲ ἔνια οὐδὲν κωλύει εἶναι· 9 ἡ γάρ τις γραμματικὴ τῶν ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ ἐστί.
Exposition
1 Τῶν λεγομένων τὰ μὲν κατὰ συμπλοκὴν λέγεται, τὰ δ᾿ ἄνευ συμπλοκῆς.
- Τῶν λεγομένων: “of spoken (things)”
- τὰ: “the (things)”
- μὲν: “on the one hand”
- κατὰ: “by”
- συμπλοκὴν: “combination”
- λέγεται: “is said”
- τὰ: the (things):
- δ᾿ (de), “on the other”
- ἄνευ: “without”
- συμπλοκῆς: “combination”
Translation: Of spoken things, (there are) the (things) on the one hand by combination is said on the other the (things) on the other hand without combination.
2 τὰ μὲν οὖν κατὰ συμπλοκὴν οἷον ἄνθρωπος τρέχει, ἄνθρωπος νικᾷ·
- τὰ: “the (things)”
- μὲν: “on the one hand”
- οὖν: “and so”
- κατὰ συμπλοκὴν: “by combination”
- οἷον: “such as”
- ἄνθρωπος: “man”
- τρέχει: verb, 3rd, sing, pres, ind, act: “(he) runs”
- ἄνθρωπος: “man”
- νικᾷ: “(he) conquers”
Translation: And so, on the one hand, those (things) by combination, such as, “man runs”, “man conquers”.
3 τὰ δ᾿ ἄνευ συμπλοκῆς οἷον ἄνθρωπος, βοῦς, τρέχει, νικᾷ.
- τὰ: “the (things)”
- δ᾿ (de): “on the other hand”
- ἄνευ συμπλοκῆς: “without combination”
- οἷον: “such as”
- ἄνθρωπος: “man”
- βοῦς: “ox”
- τρέχει: “(he) runs”
- νικᾷ: “(he) conquers”
Translation: On the other hand, the (things) without combination, such as, “man”, “ox”, “runs”, “conquers”.
4a Τῶν ὄντων τὰ μὲν καθ᾿ ὑποκειμένου τινὸς λέγεται, ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ δὲ οὐδενί ἐστιν,
- Τῶν ὄντων: “of existing (things)”
- τὰ: “the (things)”
- μὲν: “on the one hand”
- καθ᾿: “about”
- ὑποκειμένου: “subject”
- τινὸς: “some”
- λέγεται: “is said”
- ἐν: “in”
- ὑποκειμένῳ: “subject”
- δὲ: “on the other hand”
- οὐδενί: “not any”
- ἐστιν: “(it) is”
Translation: Of existing things those on the one hand about a subject is said, on the other hand in not any subject it is,
4b οἷον ἄνθρωπος καθ᾿ ὑποκειμένου μὲν λέγεται τοῦ τινὸς ἀνθρώπου, ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ δὲ οὐδενί ἐστι·
- οἷον: “such as”
- ἄνθρωπος: “man”
- καθ᾿ ὑποκειμένου: “about a subject”
- μὲν: “on the one hand”
- λέγεται: “is said”
- τοῦ τινὸς ἀνθρώπου: “of some man”
- ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ: “in a subject”
- δὲ: “but”
- οὐδενί: “not any”
- ἐστι: “is”
Translation: Such as “man” about a subject on the one hand is said of a certain man, in a subject on the other hand not any is.
5a τὰ δὲ ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ μέν ἐστι, καθ᾿ ὑποκειμένου δὲ οὐδενὸς λέγεται
- τὰ: “the things”
- δὲ: “but”
- ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ: “in a subject”
- μέν: “on the one hand”
- ἐστι: “is”
- καθ᾿ ὑποκειμένου: “about a subject”
- δὲ: “on the other hand”
- οὐδενὸς: “not any”
- λέγεται: “is said”.
Translation: But the things in a subject on the one hand is, about a subject on the other hand not any is.
5b (ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ δὲ λέγω, ὃ ἔν τινι μὴ ὡς μέρος ὑπάρχον ἀδύνατον χωρὶς εἶναι τοῦ ἐν ᾧ ἐστίν)
(But in a subject I call, that which in something not as a part
- ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ: “in a subject”
- δὲ: “but”
- λέγω: “I call”
- ὃ: that which
- ἔν τινι: “in something”
- μὴ: “not”
- ὡς: “as”
- μέρος: “(a) part”
- ὑπάρχον
- ἀδύνατον: “unable”
- χωρὶς: “without”
- εἶναι: “to exist”
- τοῦ: “of the (thing)”
- ἐν: “in”
- ᾧ: “which”
- ἐστίν: “it is”
Translation:
5b οἷον ἀπὸ τῆς γραμματικῆς ὁ γραμματικὸς καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς ἀνδρείας ὁ ἀνδρεῖος.
- οἷον: “such as”
- ἀπὸ: “from”
- τῆς γραμματικῆς: “grammar”
- ὁ γραμματικὸς: “grammarian”
- καὶ: “and”
- ἀπὸ: “from”
- τῆς ἀνδρείας: “courage”
- ὁ ἀνδρεῖος: “courageous”
Translation: …as from grammar, grammarian, and from courage, courageous.
Note that andrei/as is translated “courage” here so that the adjective derived from it would appear as a derivative, andrei^os, “courage-ous”.
