In Greek Reading II, we will begin the study of the writings of Aristotle. The knowledge of the vocabulary and expressions of Aristotle’s writings will greatly help us in philosophical studies, for which the original texts are written in Greek. To complete the objectives of this lesson, complete the following tasks:
- Read over the entire lesson for familiarity.
- Complete translation exercises until the translations can be written out from memory.
- Memorize all lesson vocabulary.
- Complete the lesson assessment.
Lesson
1 Ὁμώνυμα λέγεται ὧν ὄνομα μόνον κοινόν, ὁ δὲ κατὰ τοὔνομα λόγος τῆς οὐσίας ἕτερος, οἷον ζῷον ὅ τε ἄνθρωπος καὶ τὸ γεγραμμένον. 2a τούτων γὰρ ὄνομα μόνον κοινόν, ὁ δὲ κατὰ τοὔνομα λόγος τῆς οὐσίας ἕτερος: 2b ἂν γάρ τις ἀποδιδῷ τί ἐστιν αὐτῶν ἑκατέρῳ τὸ ζῴῳ εἶναι, ἴδιον ἑκατέρου λόγον ἀποδώσει. 3 συνώνυμα δὲ λέγεται ὧν τό τε ὄνομα κοινὸν καὶ ὁ κατὰ τοὔνομα λόγος τῆς οὐσίας ὁ αὐτός, οἷον ζῷον ὅ τε ἄνθρωπος καὶ ὁ βοῦς. 4a ὃ γὰρ ἄνθρωπος καὶ ὁ βοῦς κοινῷ ὀνόματι προσαγορεύεται ζῷον, καὶ ὁ λόγος δὲ τῆς οὐσίας ὁ αὐτός: 4b ἐὰν γὰρ ἀποδιδῷ τις τὸν ἑκατέρου λόγον, τί ἐστιν αὐτῶν ἑκατέρῳ τὸ ζῴῳ εἶναι, τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον ἀποδώσει. 5a παρώνυμα δὲ λέγεται ὅσα ἀπό τινος διαφέροντα τῇ πτώσει τὴν κατὰ τοὔνομα προσηγορίαν ἔχει, 5b οἷον ἀπὸ τῆς γραμματικῆς ὁ γραμματικὸς καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς ἀνδρείας ὁ ἀνδρεῖος.
Exposition
1 Ὁμώνυμα λέγεται ὧν ὄνομα μόνον κοινόν, ὁ δὲ κατὰ τοὔνομα λόγος τῆς οὐσίας ἕτερος, οἷον ζῷον ὅ τε ἄνθρωπος καὶ τὸ γεγραμμένον.
- ὁμώνυμα: substantive noun, neuter, plural, nominative: “homonyms”
- λέγεται: verb, “it is said” (See Smyth 958 for plural subject used with singular verb.)
- ὧν: pronoun, “of things which”
- ὄνομα: substantive noun, “name”
- μόνον: “only”
- κοινόν : “shared”
- ὁ: “the”
- δὲ: “but”
- κατὰ: “according to”
- τοὔνομα: “(the) name”
- λόγος: “account”
- τῆς οὐσίας: “of the essence”
- ἕτερος: “different”
- οἷον: “such as”
- ζῷον: “animal”
- τε: “both”
- ὅ ἄνθρωπος: “the man”
- καὶ: “and”
- τὸγεγραμμένον: perf. pass participle (gra/pho-)”the drawn figure”
Translation: “Homonyms” is said of things which (the) name only is shared, but the concept of the essence corresponding to the name (is) different, such as “animal” as both “man” and as “that which has been drawn”.
2a τούτων γὰρ ὄνομα μόνον κοινόν, ὁ δὲ κατὰ τοὔνομα λόγος τῆς οὐσίας ἕτερος:
- τούτων: “of these”
- γὰρ: “for”
- ὄνομα: “name”
- μόνον: “only”
- κοινόν: “shared”
- ὁ: the (lo/gos)
- δὲ: but
- κατὰ: according to
- τοὔνομα: of the name
- λόγος: account
- τῆς οὐσίας: of the essence
- ἕτερος: different
Translation: For of these the name only is shared but the concept of the essence corresponding to the name (is) different.
2b ἂν γάρ τις ἀποδιδῷ τί ἐστιν αὐτῶν ἑκατέρῳ τὸ ζῴῳ εἶναι, ἴδιον ἑκατέρου λόγον ἀποδώσει.
- ἂν: if
- γάρ: for
- τις: someone
- ἀποδιδῷ: (3rd, sing, pres, subj, act of apodido-^mi) “(he) should ask”
- τί: what?
- ἐστιν: it is
- αὐτῶν: of these
- ἑκατέρῳ: for each of these two
- τὸ: the
- ζῴῳ: “animal”
- εἶναι: to be
- ἴδιον: its own
- ἑκατέρου: of each of these two
- λόγον: account
- ἀποδώσει: shall he give
Translation: For if one should ask what to be of these for each the being “animal”, its own concept of each he shall give.
3 συνώνυμα δὲ λέγεται ὧν τό τε ὄνομα κοινὸν καὶ ὁ κατὰ τοὔνομα λόγος τῆς οὐσίας ὁ αὐτός, οἷον ζῷον ὅ τε ἄνθρωπος καὶ ὁ βοῦς.
- συνώνυμα: “synonyms”
- δὲ: “but”
- λέγεται: “it is said”
- ὧν: “of those (things) which”
- τό: “the”
- τε: “both”
- ὄνομα: “name”
- κοινὸν: “shared”
- καὶ: “and”
- ὁ: the
- κατὰ: “according to”
- τοὔνομα: (contraction of to o/noma) “the name”
- λόγος: “account”
- τῆς οὐσίας: “of the essence”
- ὁ αὐτός: “the same”
- οἷον: “such as”
- ζῷον: “animal”
- ὅ: “as”
- τε: “both”
- ἄνθρωπος: “a man”
- καὶ: and
- ὁ βοῦς: “the ox”
Translation: But “Synonyms” is said of those (things) which both the name (is) shared and the concept of the essence corresponding to the name (is) the same, as “animal” both as “man” and “ox”.
4a ὃ γὰρ ἄνθρωπος καὶ ὁ βοῦς κοινῷ ὀνόματι προσαγορεύεται ζῷον, καὶ ὁ λόγος δὲ τῆς οὐσίας ὁ αὐτός:
- ὃ: “the”
- γὰρ: “for”
- ἄνθρωπος: “man”
- καὶ: “and”
- ὁ βοῦς: “the ox”
- κοινῷ: “common”
- ὀνόματι: “name”
- προσαγορεύεται: “is named”
- ζῷον: “animal”
- καὶ: “and”
- ὁ λόγος: “(the) concept”
- δὲ: “but”
- τῆς οὐσίας: “of the essence”
- ὁ αὐτός: “the same”
Translation: For the man and the ox with a common name is named “animal”, and the concept of the essence (is) the same:
4b ἐὰν γὰρ ἀποδιδῷ τις τὸν ἑκατέρου λόγον, τί ἐστιν αὐτῶν ἑκατέρῳ τὸ ζῴῳ εἶναι, τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον ἀποδώσει.
- ἐὰν: “if”
- γὰρ: “for”
- ἀποδιδῷ: “should give”
- τις: “someone”
- τὸν: “the”
- ἑκατέρου: “of each”
- λόγον: “concept”
- τί: “what”
- ἐστιν: “it is”
- αὐτῶν: “of these”
- ἑκατέρῳ: “for each”
- τὸ: “the”
- ζῴῳ: “animal”
- εἶναι: “to be”
- τὸν αὐτὸν: “the same”
- λόγον: “concept”
- ἀποδώσει: “(he) shall give”
Translation: For if someone should give the concept of each, what it is for each of these to be “animal”, the same concept he shall give.
5a παρώνυμα δὲ λέγεται ὅσα ἀπό τινος διαφέροντα τῇ πτώσει τὴν κατὰ τοὔνομα προσηγορίαν ἔχει,
- παρώνυμα: “paronyms”
- δὲ: “but”
- λέγεται: “is called”
- ὅσα: “such (things) as”
- ἀπό: “from”
- τινος: “something”
- διαφέροντα: “differing”
- τῇ πτώσει: “(in) case”
- κατὰ: “corresponding with”
- τοὔνομα: “the name”
- τὴν προσηγορίαν: “the appellation” (i.e., common noun; cp. with o/noma)
- ἔχει: verb, 3rd, sing., pres, ind, act, “(it) has”
Translation: But “Paronyms” is called such things as from something differing in case corresponding with the name appellation has,
5b οἷον ἀπὸ τῆς γραμματικῆς ὁ γραμματικὸς καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς ἀνδρείας ὁ ἀνδρεῖος.
- οἷον: “such as”
- ἀπὸ: “from”
- τῆς γραμματικῆς: “grammar”
- ὁ γραμματικὸς: “grammarian”
- καὶ: “and”
- ἀπὸ: “from”
- τῆς ἀνδρείας: “courage”
- ὁ ἀνδρεῖος: “courageous”
Translation: …as from grammar, grammarian, and from courage, courageous.
Note that andrei/as is translated “courage” here so that the adjective derived from it would appear as a derivative, andrei^os, “courage-ous”.
