In this lesson, we will continue our study of Latin Grammar, focusing on the various classes of adjective nouns. To complete the objectives of this lesson, complete the following tasks:
- Read the lesson once through to become familiar with the content to be studied.
- Study the lesson carefully, taking notes, as you work to master the content of the lesson.
- Learn the translation of all of the Latin rules in Alvarez’s Latin Grammar.
- Complete any assigned Memory Work in the lesson.
- Review the lesson for mastery.
- Complete the lesson Assessment.
Lesson
In the last lesson, we learned that Nouns can be divided into Substantives and Adjectives. In this lesson, we look at the different classes of Adjective nouns. This is a long and important lesson that you should study carefully and use as a reference in the future.
1. Interrogativum nomen est quo de re aliqua quaerimus, ut Quis? Uter? Quantus?, etc..
Translation: An Interrogative Noun is that by which we ask about some other things, as “Who?”, “Which?”, “How much?”, etc.
The first class of adjective nouns we study in this lesson is that of interrogative adjectives. Interrogative adjectives are adjectives that are used to ask questions, words like “Who?”, “Which?”, “How much?” and so on.
2. lnterrogativum substantiae est cui respondemus per nomen substantivum vel per pronomen demonstrativum, ut quis, quae, quod; uter, utra, utrum. Quis hic loquitur? Davus. Ille.
Translation: An Interrogative of Substance is that to which we respond by a substantive noun or by a demonstrative pronoun, as qui, quae, quod; uter, utra, utrum. Who here speaks? David speaks. He speaks.
When we learned of nouns in general, we learned that they can be divided into two classes: substantive nouns and adjective nouns. Here, we learn that interrogative adjective nouns can be divided into similar classes: (1) interrogative adjectives of substance, and (2) interrogative adjectives of accident. We learn in this rule the definition of an interrogative adjective of substance: it is an interrogative adjective that asks a question to which we would respond with a substantive noun. This is an interrogative adjective noun “of substance”.
3a. lnterrogativum accidentis est cui respondemus per nomen adjectivum, ut Quantus?, Qualis?, Quot?, Quotus?, Cujus?, Cujas?, ut Qualis fuit Hector? Hector fuit fortis, magnanimus.
Translation: An Interrogative Adjective of Accident is that to which we respond by an adjective noun, as Quantus? Qualis? Quot? Quotus? Cujus? Cujas?, as “What kind (of man) was Hector? Hector was (a) strong (man). Hector was (a) courageous (man).
In this rule, we learn of the second division of interrogative adjective nouns: interrogative adjective nouns of accident. These are adjectives which are used to ask a question that will be answered with an adjective noun, that is, with an attribute or quality. For example, one might ask, “How many disciples lived with Jesus?” and we might answer with an adjective, “Twelve–twelve disciples lived with Jesus.” The adjective in Latin (i.e., quot) is an interrogative adjective of accident.
3b. lnterrogativis accidentis sic respondemus:
Translation: To Interrogative Adjectives of Accident we respond as follows:
Here, are given a useful list of interrogative adjectives of accident and the adjectives with which they are responded to. This list does not need to be memorized, but should be studied so that it can be used for reference in the future.
- Quantus? Magnus, parvus, longus, brevis, etc.
How much? Great, small, long, short, etc. - Qualis? Bonus, malus, doctus, imperitus, etc.
What kind? Good, evil, learned, ignorant, etc. - Quot? Unus, duo, tres, etc.
How many? One, two, three, etc. - Quotus? Primus, secundus, tertius, etc.
In what order? First, second, third, etc. - Quoteni? Singuli, bini, etc.
How many at a time? One at a time, two at a time, etc. - Quotuplus? Simplus, duplus, etc.
How many times as much? Once, twice, etc. - Quotuplex? Simplex, duplex, etc.
How many times? Single, double, etc. - Quotennis? Anniculus, bimus vel biennis, trimus vel triennis. etc.
How often? Annual, every two years, every three years, etc. - Cuja vestis? Mea, tua, etc. vel Caesaris, Laelii, etc.
Whose clothing? mine, yours, etc. or Caesar’s, Laelius’s, etc. - Cujas es? Italus, Romanus, Stoicus.
Whose are you? Italian, Roman, Stoic.
3c. Quoteni, quotuplus, quotuplex, et quotennis silentio involvimus, quia non sunt in usu. Sic fere cujus, cuja, cujum, pro quo libentius accipies provocabuli quis gignendi casum cujus; quanquam et Virgil dixit Cujum pecus? et Cicero, Cuja res sit, cujum periculum.
Translation: 3c. Quoteni, quotuplus, quotuplex and quotennis we shall cover in silence, because they are not in use. So in general cujus, cuja, cujum for which more freely you shall accept of the pronoun quis, the genitive case cujus; nevertheless, also Vergil has said, “Whose cattle?” and Cicero, “Whose property it is, is his whose risk it is.”
As we study Latin, especially the classical Latin of the Roman writers, we will encounter adjectives that are not used in the Latin of Church authors. We need to know of them, but do not need to spend much time studying them in Grammar.
Secondly, the genitive case of the pronoun “Quis?”, which is “Cuius?” is translated “Whose?” or “Of whom?”. There is a pronoun cuius, cuia, cuium, which means “whose” in all cases. Sometimes, this pronoun is used in place of the genitive form of the pronoun “Quis?”. This is getting pretty deep for an early lesson in Latin Grammar, so we’ll leave it at that and wait to explain this further in our Latin reading in the future.
4. Relativum est quod nomen antecedens in memoriam reducit: id duplex est, substantiae et accidentis.
Translation: 4. A Relative adjective is that reduces an antecedent noun to memory: it is twofold: Relative of Substance, and of Accident.
Here, we learn of a second class of adjective nouns, the Relative adjective. We learn the definition and the division of the Relative adjective. First, the definition, that the relative adjective is an adjectie that reduces an antecedent noun to memory. That is, a relative adjective is an adjective that stands in place of a noun that was previously named in the sentence. Second, the division of relative adjectives is like that of interrogative adjectives, into relative adjectives of substance and of accident. We will see examples of these below.
5. Relativum substantiae est quod nomen substantivum in memoriam reducit, ut qui, quae, quod. Legi Ciceronem, qui fuit eloquentissimus Romanorum.
Translation: 5. A Relative of Substance is that which reduces a substantive noun to memory, as qui, quae, quod. “I have read Cicero, who was the most eloquent of the Romans.”
Here we learn of the first division of relative adjectives–of substance. These are those relative adjectives which reduce a substantive noun to memory. In the example, we see the antecedent substantive noun “Cicero” replaced by the relative pronoun “qui”.
6. Relativum accidentis est quod in memoriam revocat nomen adjectivum, ut qualis, quantus, quot. Cicero fuit eloquens, qualis fuit Hortensius.
Translation: 6. A Relative of Accident is that which reduces to memory an adjective noun, as qualis, quantus, quot. “Cicero was eloquent, as was Hortensius.”
Here we learn of the second division of relative adjectives–of accident. These are those relative adjectives which reduce an adjective noun to memory. In the example, we see the antecedent adjective noun “eloquens” replaced by the relative pronoun “qualis”.
7. Reddita sunt tantus, talis, tot, totidem, quae relativis quantus, qualis, quot ante vel post redduntur, ut Quales in republica principes sunt, tales reliqui solent esse cives; cura, ut talis sis, qualis haberi cupis. Quot homines, tot sententiae. Totidem ad te epistolas dedi, quot tu ad me misisti.
Translation: 7. Redditives are tantus, talis, tot, totidem, which answer to the relatives quantus, qualis, quot going before or after them, as “Of what sort the princes in a republic are, of such sort are the rest of the citizens accustomed to be.” “Take care, that such a kind (of man) you may be, as what kind (of man) you desire to be considered.” “However many (are the) men, so many (are the) opinions.” “As many letters to you I have given, as you have sent to me.”
Here we learn of “redditive” adjectives, which return an answer to certain relative pronouns. The examples are sufficient to show the meaning of these pronouns.
8a. Quis vel qui, quae, quod, uter, utra, utrum, quantus, qualis et cetera interrogativa, quando ponuntur post verba audio, video, scio, intelligo, nescio, et alia ejusdem significationis appellantur infinita; ut Nescio quis sit: audio quid dicas: ignoro quantus aut qualis sis.
The Interrogatives quis or qui, quae, quod, uter, utra, utrum, quantus, qualis and the other interrogatives, when they are placed after the verbs audio, video, scio, intelligo, nescio, and others of the same signification are called “Infinites”, as “I don’t know who you may be.” “I hear what you say.” “I don’t know how much or of what kind you may be.”
8b. Infinita sunt ea quae certam non recipiunt personam, sed cuilibet aptari possunt. Quis, quae, quod etiam cum particulis si, nisi et ne infinitum dicitur, ut si quis, nisi quis, ne quis pro si aliquis; nisi aliquis, ne aliquis; si qua pro si aliqua: si quid pro si aliquid, etc. Quis et quid nunquam sunt relativa, sed aut interrogativa aut infinita.
Infinites are those which do not respect a certain person, but are able to be applied to anyone. Quis, quae, quod also with the particle si, nisi and ne are called “infinite”, as “si quis”, “nisi quis”, “ne quis” for “si aliquis”, “nisi aliquis”, “ne aliquis”; “si qua” for “si aliqua”; “si quid” for “si aliquid”, etc. Quis and quid never are relatives, but either interrogative or infinite.
9. Possessivum nomen est quod aut rem possessam aut ad aliquem pertinentem significat, ut equus regius, miles Pompejanus.
A Possessive Noun is that which signifies either a thing possessed or a thing pertaining to another person, as a royal horse; a Pompeian soldier.
10. Patrium nomen est quod patriam indicat, ut Romanus, Atheniensis.
A Patrial Noun is that which indicates one’s native city, as Roman, Athenian.
11. Gentile nomen est quod gentem vel nationem indicat, ut Italus, Graecus.
A Gentile Noun is that which a race or nation indicates, as Italian, Greek.
12. Partitivum nomen est quod aut unum ex multis significat, aut multa singillatim.
A Partitive Noun is that which either one out of many signifies or many individually.
13. Unum ex multis significant alius, aliquis, alter, alteruter, quis, quidam, quilibet, quivis, quispiam, quisquam, solus, unus, (idest solus), ullus, uter, utercumque, uterlibet, utervis: quae etiam particularia vocantur.
“One out of many” signify alius, aliquis, alter, alteruter, quis, quidam, quilibet, quivis, quispiam, quisquam, solus, unus, (that is, solus), ullus, uter, utercumque, uterlibet, utervis: which also are called “Particular” nouns.
14. Multa singillatim significant complures, plerique, neuter, uterque, et quae dicuntur “universalia”, ut cuncti, omnes, quicumque, quisquis, quisque, unusquisque, nemo, nullus.
“Many things individually” signify complures, plerique, neuter, uterque, and those which are called “Universals”, as cuncti, omnes, quicumque, quisquis, quisque, unusquisque, nemo, nullus.
15. Nomen numerale est quod numerum significat, cujus tres sunt species: cardinale, ordinale, distributivum.
A Numeral Noun is that which signifies a number, of which there are three species: Cardinal, Ordinal and Distributive.
16. Cardinale est quod numerum absolute et sine ordine significat, ut unus, duo, tres.
A Cardinal Noun is that which signifies a number absolutely and without order, as one, two, three, etc.
17. Ordinale nomen est quod numerum ordine digestum significat aut ultimum ex eo numero, ut primus, secundus (vel alter), tertius, quartus, etc.
An Ordinal Noun is that which signifies a number arranged in order or the last of that number, as first, second (or the other of two), third, fourth, etc.
18. Distributiva sive divisiva nomina sunt quae distributionem seu divisionem significant, quibus fere utuntur oratores numero multitudinis, ut singuli, bini, terni, quaterni; exempli gratia, Pueri redite domum bini aut terni, ad summum quaterni; cavete ne singuli eatis. Heus tu dato victoribus quaterna mala, victis singula, ne animis concidant. Quaterna, idest unicuique quatuor; singula, hoc est unicuique unum.
Distributive or divisive nouns are those which distribution or division signify, which orators often used for the number of a multitude, as singuli, one at a time, bini, two at a time, three at a time, four at a time; for the sake of example,
Pueri redite domum bini aut terni, ad summum quaterni; cavete ne singuli eatis.”
“Return home boys two at a time or three at a time, at the most four at a time; beware that you not go individually.”
Reference
The content below is provided for reference. Students should read through the content to become familiar with it, but should not attempt to study these items for mastery.
19a. Non abs re fuerit hoc loco seriem cardinalium, ordinalium ac distributivorum numerorum subtexere, quo tironibus, cum opus fuerit, ad manus sint.
Translation: Not without reason it shall be, in this place (the) series of cardinal, ordinal and distributive numbers to weave in, whereby for beginners, when there will have been need, at hand they may be.
19b. Cardinales numeri sunt:
The Cardinal numbers are
- unus, una, unum, one;
- duo, duae, duo, two;
- hi and hae tres and haec tria (of the third declension), three;
- after which none are declined until centum: quatuor, four; quinque, five; sex, six; septem, seven; octo, eight; novem, nine; decem, ten; undecim, eleven; duodecim, twelve; tredecim, thirteen; quatuordecim, fourteen; quindecim, fifteen; sedecim or sexdecim, sixteen; septemdecim, seventeen; decem et octo or duodeviginti, eighteen; novemdecim or undeviginti, nineteen; so hereafter for the other tens: duodetriginta, twenty-eight; undetriginta, twenty-nine; duodequadraginta, thirty-eight; undequadraginta, thirty-nine, etc.;
- viginti, twenty; vigintiunus or unus et viginti, twenty-one; vigintiduo or duo et viginti, twenty-two, etc.
- triginta, thirty; quadraginta, forty; quinquaginta, fifty; sexaginta, sixty; septuaginta, seventy; octaginta, eighty; nonaginta, ninety;
- centum, one hundred; centum unus, one hundred and one; centum duo or duo et centum, one hundred and two, etc. centum nonaginta novem, one hundred ninety-nine;
- bis centum, two hundred; tercentum, three hundred, etc. Or, declining hereafter: ducenti, ducentae, ducenta, two hundred; trecenti, tercentae, tercenta, likewise quadringenti, quingenti, sexcenti, septingenti, octingenti, noningenti or nongenti, mille.
20. The noun mille, one thousand, if it is of plural number, is an indeclinable adjective of the common-of-three gender: mille milites, one thousand soldiers; mille militum of one thousand soldiers; mille militibus, by one thousand soldiers; likewise, mille oves, a thousand sheep; mille ovibus, in one thousand sheep; mille mancipia, one thousand slaves; mille mancipiis, by one thousand slaves.
If, however, it be of singular number, it is a substantive of the neuter gender, indeclinable in the singular and is joined with the genitive case in the manner of substantives, as:
Mille militum interfectum est.
A thousand of soldiers has been killed.
In the plural, however, it is declined, millia, millium, millibus, as
Duo, tria, quatuor millia militum capta sunt.
Two, three, four thousands of soldiers have been captured.
We say, therefore, undeclined, bis mille milites, twice one thousand soldiers, or (declined) duo millia militum, two thousands of soldiers. Likewise, ter mille, three times one thousand or tria millia, three thousands; quater mille, four times one thousand, or quatuor millia, four thousands; decem millia, ten thousands, or decies mille, ten times one thousand; centum millia, one hundred thousands, or centies mille, one hundred times one thousand; ducenta millia, two hundred thousands; trecenta millia, three hundred thousands; decies centena millia, ten times one hundred thousands (one million); undecies centena millia, eleven times one hundred thousands, that is, one million and one hundred thousand; vicies centena millia, twenty times one hundred thousands, two million. tricies centena millia, thirty times one hundred thousands, three million; millies centena millia, one thousand times one hundred thousands, one hundred million.
Avoid saying duo centum or duo mille because it is improper to join two adjectives.
21. The Ordinal Numbers are:
- primus, first; secundus or alter, second; tertius, third; quartus, fourth; quintus, fifth; sextus, sixth; septimus, seventh; octavus, eighth; nonus, ninth; decimus, tenth; undecimus, eleventh; duodecimus, twelfth; decimustertius or tertiusdecimus, thirteenth; decimusquartus or quartusdecimus, fourteenth; quintusdecimus, fifteenth; sextusdecimus, sixteenth. septimusdecimus, seventeenth; octavusdecimus or duodevicesimus, eighteenth; nonusdecimus or undevicesimus, nineteenth;
- Likewise also duodetricesimus, twenty-eighth; undetricesimus, twenty-ninth; duodequadragesimus, thirty-eighth; undequadragesimus, thirty-ninth, etc. vigesimus or, more correctly, vicesimus, twentieth; vicesimusprimus or primus et vicesimus, twenty-first; likewise hereafter, trigesimus or more correctly, tricesimus, thirtieth; quadragesimus, fortieth; quinquagesimus, fiftieth; sexagesimus, sixtieth; septuagesimus, seventieth; octogesimus, eightieth; nonagesimus, ninetieth;
- centesimus, one hundredth; centesimusprimus or primus et centesimus, one hundred first; etc. ducentesimus, two hundredth; trecentesimus, three hundredth; quadringentesimus, four hundredth; quingentesimus, five hundredth; sexcentesimus, six hundredth; septingentesimus, seven hundedth; octingentesimus, eight hundredth; nongentesimus or noningentesimus, nine hundredth;
- millesimus, one thousandth; millesimusprimus or primus et millesimus, one thousand and first; bis millesimus, two thousandth; ter millesimus, three thousandth; centies millesimus, one hundred thousandth; etc.
22. The Distributive numbers, which we use chiefly when we divide the same thing equally into more, and whatever we join to those nouns, which are lacking forms in the singular are,
- singuli, singulae, singula, one by one; bini, binae, bina, two by two; likewise, terni, quaterni, quini, seni, septeni, octoni, novenim, deni, undeni, duodeni, ternideni, quaternideni, quinideni (or, by contraction, terdeni, quaterdeni, quindeni); senideni, septenideni; octonideni or duodeviceni, novenideni or undeviceni; likewise, duodetriceni, undetriceni; duodequadrageni, undequadrageni, etc. viceni, viceni singuli or singuli et viceni; viceni bini or bini et viceni; viceni terni, etc. triceni, quadrageni, quinquageni, sexageni, septuageni, octogeni, nonageni, centeni, centeni singuli, centeni bini, etc. ducenteni, trecenteni, quadringenteni, quingenteni, sexcenteni, septingenteni, octingenteni, nongenteni. We also say, by contraction, duceni, treceni, quadringeni, quingeni, sexceni, septingeni, octingeni, nongeni. milleni, bis milleni, ter milleni, and likewise hereafter.
23. Since we usually use the names of Adverbs of Number instead of the names of cardinal or ordinal or distributive numbers, we include them here, though they will be studied in greater detail when we study adverbs. Adverbs are easier to use because they are not declined, and have only one form. Adverbs of Cardinal Numbers are these: semel, bis, ter, quater, quinquies, sexies, septies, octies, novies, decies, undecies, duodecies, tredecies, quatuordecies, quindecies, sexdecies, septiesdecies or deciessepties, octiesdecies or deciesocties or duodevicies, noviesdecies or deciesnovies or undevicies, likewise also duodetricies, undetricies, duodequadragies, undequadragies, etc. Vicies by contraction for viginties; vicies semel or semel et vicies; bis et vicies, etc.; tricies, quadragies, quinquagies, sexagies, septuagies, octogies, nonagies, centies semel or semel et centies, etc. ducenties, trecenties, quadringenties, quingenties, sexcenties, septingenties, octingenties, nongenties, millies, bis millies, ter millies, centies millies, millies millies, or better, decies centies millies, vicies centies millies.
24. Adverbs of the Ordinal Numbers are: primo, secundo or iterum, tertio, quarto, and others formed from the ablative case of the ordinal numbers.
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