Return to Aristotle, Categories
1. Of things which are spoken, some are spoken in connection, but others without connection. Those therefore which are enunciated according to connection are such as, “The man runs.”, “The man is victorious.”; but those without connection are such as, “man”, “ox”, “runs”, “conquers”.
2. Of spoken things, some are predicated of a subject, but are in no subject. thus, “man” is predicated of a subject (viz. an individual man), but is in no other subject. Other things are in a subject, and are predicated of no other subjects. (By being in a subject, however, I do not mean that which is in a subject as a part is in a whole, but as that which cannot exist without it as a subject.) Thus, “grammar” is in a subject, that is, in “the soul”, and is predicated of no subject; and “this white thing” is in a subject (viz. in a body, for all color exists in a body) but it is predicated of no subject. Some things are both predicated of a subject, and are in a subject. Thus, “science” is in a subject, in “the soul”, and is predicated of a subject, of “grammar”. Some things are neither in a subject, nor are predicated of a subject. As for instance, an individual man (e.g., Socrates), or an individual horse (e.g., Bucephalus). For nothing of this kind either is in another subject, or is predicated of another subject. And, in short, individuals, and things which are singular in number, are indeed predicated of no other subject, yet nothing hinders but that some of them may be in another subject. For “grammar”, is among the things in a subject, but is not predicated of any subject.
Return to Aristotle, Categories
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